Well summer is here and with it the busy season has arrived.
Numerous outside paleontologists are working in Dinosaur National Monument and
we have already made some remarkable discoveries. With all this activity,
there’s not much time to write new posts for The Land Of The Dead, but I
wouldn’t want to let Father’s Day pass without some recognition. So in honor of
the holiday let’s look at one of the lesser elements of the skeleton of
mammals.
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| An osseous question mark....what is this mystery bone? |
This unusual skeletal feature is found in several groups of mammals
--- Primates (primates), Rodentia (rodents), Insectivora (insectivores,
including moles, shrews, and hedgehogs), Carnivora (including bears, cats,
dogs, walruses, seals, sea lions, raccoons, otters, weasels, skunks) and the Chiroptera
(bats). The item in question is an elongate bone found in the penis, known as a
baculum (from the Latin for “staff or scepter”) or os penis (penis bone). It
evolved tens of millions of years ago in the last common ancestor shared by all
these groups of mammals.
The baculum comes in a wide range of sizes and shapes, from
the simple rod-like structure of a dog to the question mark shaped bone in the
raccoon. The largest baculum occurs in the walrus (a length of 30 cm) and the
shortest may be in the marmoset (only 2 mm). The shape is species specific and
can be used to identify a species.
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| The baculum of the living cacomistle (Bassariscu sumichrasti), a relative of the racoon, projecting forward between the legs of a mounted skeleton. |
The bone sits in the abdomen and, when called upon, muscles
slide it into a sheath within the penis for copulation. But why, your inquisitive mind asks, have a
baculum at all? It seems that the
presence of a baculum is associated with mating systems. The baculum is built for speed. It’s quicker to get an erection by sliding a
bone into the penis that waiting for blood to encourage erectile tissue to
enlarge and harden a penis. So if you
are a male that needs to copulate frequently and with little notice ahead of
time, the os penis is a simple solution.
It’s this bone that allows a male lion to copulate up to 250 times over
a 4 day period.
While a baculum is made of solid bone, it is not
invulnerable. To wit, Bone Clones, a
company that produces scientifically accurate casts of bones and skeletons,
sells a spectacular cast of a walrus baculum that was broken at mid-length and
subsequently healed, although with a bit of an offset.
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| Love hurts. A walrus baculum, broken at mid-shaft, and rehealed. |
Bacula of the Past
Given that the baculum is a boney structure, it is not
surprising that the os penis is sometimes fossilized. On occasion a baculum may
even be seen in a mounted fossil skeleton in a museum exhibit. However, it is
rarely identified or highlighted in the exhibit text. I mean, what if the children should see it?
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| A mounted skeleton of the giant Dire Wolf (Canis dirus) from the La Brea Tarpits, complete with baculum (red arrow). |
Bacula, both recent and fossil, have a commercial side. Living
raccoon bacula are sometimes plated with gold or silver and sold as earrings or
necklaces. The largest known fossil baculum (from a walrus and measuring some
1.2m or 4 ft in length) was found in Siberia and auctioned by I.M. Chait
galleries in 2007. It sold for $8,000
and went to a Ripleys Believe It Or Not Museum.
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| Going, going, gone! The $8,000 walrus baculum. |
The Muscle Of Love
Although nearly all primates have a baculum, humans do not. The
evolutionary reason for humans losing this bone are unclear. It is present even
in the chimpanzee, our closest living relative.
However, truth be told, the great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimps, and
humans) show an evolutionary trend in the reduction of baculum size and humans,
having lost the os penis, are just the final stage in that trend. Although the
biological reason for the loss of a baculum in humans is not well understood,
we should be thankful for the social blessings such a loss entails.
Throughout human history there has been an obsession about the
differences between the races of Homo sapiens.
Every conceivable measure of people,
from height to size of the brain cavity, have been examined and studied, often in
an attempt to show why one race is inferior to another. If humans had a baculum
it would surely have been studied, measured, weighed, x-rayed, etc. and, regardless
of what such data might show, some race would have been deemed inferior and
another superior. Such claims have been repeatedly made on spurious data about
penis size. Just imagine what perverse
interpretations would be made using the hard data of a baculum.
Male mammals lacking a baculum achieve an erect penis by
means of erectile tissue. Blood flows
into the chambers in erectile tissue, causing it to engorge and swell, and
valves in the blood vessels close to keep the penis hard. After orgasm those
valves open, blood flows out, and the penis returns to its normal “looks like a
turtle head and neck” appearance. This is why problems with low blood pressure can cause erectile dysfunction – not enough
blood can enter the penis to achieve an erection.
Notice that the human “muscle of love” is thus not a muscle
at all. It is erectile tissue. Maybe this seems like a small point, but
little can be done to increase the amount of erectile tissue you have, that’s a
result of your genetic make-up. Good
thing too, I suppose, because given how men build up the size of muscles, such
as the biceps and triceps of the arm, through steroid use, exercise, and weight
lifting, one shudders to think what they would do if there was an exercise that
could increase penis size and girth to equally massive proportions? CAN YOU IMAGINE THAT? I wonder what such a Nautilus weight machine
would look like?
Photos
Osseous question mark (racoon baculum): http://boju.livejournal.com/53382.html
Bassariscus baculum:
Broken walrus baculum:
http://www.boneclones.com/CFM-05.htm
Dire wolf skeleton: http://thornwolf.livejournal.com/962252.html
Giant fossil walrus baculum: http://retrieverman.wordpress.com/2011/08/23/identify-the-fossil/
Body builders:
References
Larivieree, S. and Ferguson, S.H. 2002. On the evolution of the mammalian baculum: vaginal friction, prolonged intromission or induced ovulation? Mammal Review32(4): 283-294.