There
are few things as frightening as the idea of being attacked by a large
crocodile. It is truly the stuff that
nightmares are made of.
Sandy
Rossi can testify to that. When 27 years
old she lost an arm to a Nile croc in the Epulu River in Zaire --- a river that
isn’t normal habitat for Nile crocs. She
just happened to have the misfortune of running into a wanderer. As she rinsed her hair at the river’s edge
the croc struck, grabbing her by her arm, dragging her underwater and beginning
death rolls. "You could just feel
the power," Rossi said. "He'd yank me back and forth to see if I was
dead yet. Then he'd roll me some more."
I vividly remember watching a TV interview with her where she chillingly
recounted how she was relieved when her arm came off because she realized she finally
had a chance to get away from the jaws of death. So she lost part of an arm but escaped
with her life.
Today
crocodilians are top predators in freshwater and estuarine environments. Salt
Water crocs even traverse marine waters to get to off shore islands. Throughout
their long 200,000,000 + year evolutionary history one group or another of
crocodilians has occupied the niche of top freshwater predator. The immense
late Cretaceous Deinosuchus could
certainly kill dinosaurs, including T.
rex. But today’s crocodilians give the wrong impression of the wonderful
evolutionary history of this group. This is a case where the present is not a
good guidebook to the past.
The
crocodilian fossil record reveals that in the past these animals had a much
more diverse, and sometimes surprising, anatomy and ecology, making livings in
ways quite different from extant species. Some were slenderly built, long limb
terrestrial runners, some were filter feeders, some were capable of walking
just on their hind legs. And some, maybe
the most amazing of all, gave up the carnivorous lifestyle completely and
became plant eaters!
Simosuchus clarki is the weirdest of all known
crocodilians living or extinct. One can be forgiven for not even recognizing it
as a crocodilian in the first place. Known
only from the Cretaceous age of Madagascar the first
specimen was described in 2000. But since then on-going field work on the
island has produced multiple additional specimens, all very well preserved ---
which is a good thing given how truly odd this beast is.
 |
| A restoration of the pug-nosed Simosuchus, a most improbable crocodilian. |
Simosuchus was not a giant;
just a mere 2 ½ feet in length and weighing around 20 lbs. The body was completely enveloped in a dense,
closely packed set of boney armor plates.
This armor severely restricted the side to side motion of the body and
along with the short stubby tail, is strong evidence that Simosuchus was a land dweller and not a swimmer.
 |
| The skeleton of Simosuchus (above) is strikingly different than that of an alligator (below). |
However, it is the skull that is most unusual and so highly specialized that it appears nothing like the living crocodilians we’re accustomed to (and I won’t even bother with all the detailed technical skeletal specializations in the skull). The most important thing to remember is that these fossil skulls are complete and uncrushed. The “missing” long snout is not broken off, rather Simosuchus evolved a very short face with a squared off snout. This pug face inspired the generic name, which means “pug-crocodilian”.
 |
| Skulls of an alligator (left) and Simosuchus (right) viewed from above. |
 |
| Skulls of an alligator (left) and Simosuchus (right) in side view. |
Even
more bizarre are the teeth. The vast
majority of crocs have pointed, conical teeth, just perfect for puncturing and
holding onto flesh (and human arms). No
so Simosuchus. This weirdo has teeth that are flattened side
to side, with a blunt crown bearing a few denticles. Teeth of similar shape are found in several
living herbivorous lizards as well as a range of extinct herbivorous reptiles,
including plant-eating dinosaurs. Recent
analysis of the jaw mechanics of Simosuchus
shows that this creature was not able to generate enough force to cut through
protein (i.e. muscle and skin) but just could generate just enough to cut
through cellulose (plant tissue).
 |
| Teeth of an alligator are just fine for puncturing delicate skin and muscle. |
 |
| The teeth of Simosuchus, too weak to cut muscle, were just fine for slicing up plant material. |
Simosuchus is known from
remarkably complete skeletons and skulls and has been analyzed in great detail
in a number of scientific publications. All authors agree that Simosuchus was a crocodilian that had
left meat eating habits behind and evolved into a plant eater. But it might not be the only one to do so.
Simosuchus is closely
allied to the Notosuchia, an extinct group of small crocodilians found in Cretaceous
rocks South America, Africa, Asia, and Europe. They all have shortened faces,
although not as severely a truncated snout as in Simosuchus, and are terrestrial in habit. Notosuchians also show
remarkable tooth specializations, some evolving a multi-cusped tooth crown structure
like that seen in mammals, and it is likely that a number of notosuchians were
plant-eaters. Since they are not dinosaurs, notosuchians don’t get much press,
making them unsung weirdos, with Simosuchus
serving here as tip of the herbivorous crocodilian iceberg.
SOURCES
2010.
Simosuchus clarki (Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia)
from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar.
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 10: 236 pp. [Part I: Overview
of the discovery, distribution, and geological context of Simosuchus clarki (Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia) from the Late
Cretaceous of Madagascar. Part II: Craniofacial
morphology of Simosuchus clarki
(Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Part III: Postcranial axial skeleton of Simosuchus clarki (Crocodyliformes:
Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Part IV: Appendicular skeleton of Simosuchus clarki (Crocodyliformes:
Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Part V: Osteoderms of Simosuchus clarki (Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia) from the Late
Cretaceous of Madagascar. Part VI: Phylogenetic
history of Simosuchus clarki
(Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar.]
Gignac,
P. and Kley, N. 2013. Inferences on the feeding biomechanics of the bizarre
pug-nosed crocodyliform Simosuchus clarki.
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts, 2013: p. 84.
Notosuchia.
Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notosuchia
Salter,
J. Crocodile Attack Can't Destroy Her
Love of Life: Africa: Spirited Missouri woman lost her arm to deadly reptile a
year ago. Undaunted, she's preparing to revisit the remote forest in Zaire
where she nearly died. L.A. Times on-line http://articles.latimes.com/1994-05-22/news/mn-60701_1_crocodile
ILLUSTRATIONS
Nile
crocodile feeding triptych:
Crocodile
with human hand
Modern
Alligator skull: Jollie 1962 (modified)
Modern
Alligator skeleton: http://chestofbooks.com/animals/zoology/Anatomy/Reptilia-Part-3.html#.UwprbIUrdGA
Simosuchus skeleton: Journal
of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 10 Part I
Simosuchus skull and teeth (modified):
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 10 Part II
Simosuchus restoration: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 10
Part I
Modern
Alligator mississippiensis skull: Jollie, M. 1962. Chordate Morphology. Reinhold Press: 478 pp.
(modified)
Modern
alligator teeth: http://www.jakes-bones.com/2011/08/my-crocodile-and-alligator-skulls.html